Content-based transport security

ABSTRACT

A computer system can send a secure request over a named-data network to a remote device by generating an Interest with encrypted name components. During operation, the computer system can receive or obtain a request for data, such as from a local user or from a local application. If the system cannot satisfy the request locally, the system can determine at least a routable prefix and a name suffix associated with the request. The system can generate the secure Interest for the request by determining an encryption key that corresponds to a session with the remote computer system, and encrypts the name suffix using the session encryption key. The system then generates an Interest whose name includes the routable prefix and the encrypted name suffix, and disseminates the Interest over a named-data network to send the request to the remote computer system.

RELATED APPLICATION

The subject matter of this application is related to the subject matter in a co-pending non-provisional application by the same inventors as the instant application and filed on the same day as the instant application entitled “CONTENT-BASED TRANSPORT SECURITY FOR DISTRIBUTED PRODUCERS,” having serial number TO BE ASSIGNED, and filing date TO BE ASSIGNED.

BACKGROUND

Field

This disclosure is generally related to establishing secure network connections. More specifically, this disclosure is related to generating and/or processing Interest and Content Object packets that include an encrypted name suffix.

Related Art

Advancements in computer networks and wireless technologies have made it easier for manufacturers to create Internet-enabled consumer devices. Some of these Internet-enabled devices come in the form of consumer appliances, such as digital thermostats, home-theater equipment, and home security systems. Manufacturers oftentimes provide software applications and/or online services that allow a user to remotely access or configure their devices. Also, many of these devices can auto-discover each other, and can stream data between each other to provide a unified experience for the user. One example is home-entertainment equipment, where a user's laptop or mobile computing device can detect the presence of a television or audio-video receiver (AVR) within a computer network, and can stream content to the television or AVR to present the content to a user.

These Internet-enabled consumer devices can communicate with an online service or with a peer consumer device by establishing a transmission control protocol (TCP) connection over an Internet-protocol (IP) network. Oftentimes, these consumer devices can establish a secure connection that encrypts the user's information by employing a transport layer security (TLS) protocol or a secure socket layer (SSL) protocol that encrypts data before transmitting the data over the IP network.

Unfortunately, the TLS and SSL protocols are specific to IP-based network protocols, and cannot be used to establish a secure connection on other types of computer networks. For example, smartphone and other mobile devices oftentimes switch between different networks within a single day, which makes it difficult to reach a given mobile device when its IP address has changed. To solve this problem, computer scientists are developing a content-centric network (CCN) architecture that allows a computer network to route packets based on the packet's name, and not based on a device's IP address. However, it is not possible to use the TLS or SSL protocol on a CCN network, given that the TLS and SSL protocols require using an IP address to establish the network connection.

SUMMARY

One embodiment provides a computer system that can send a secure request over a named-data network to a remote device by generating an Interest with encrypted name components. During operation, the computer system can receive or obtain a request for data or a service, such as from a local user or from a local application. If the system cannot satisfy the request locally, the system can determine at least a routable prefix and a name suffix associated with the request. The system can generate a secure Interest for the request by determining an encryption key that corresponds to a session with the remote computer system, and encrypts the name suffix using the session encryption key. The system then generates an Interest whose name includes the routable prefix and the encrypted name suffix, and disseminates the Interest over a named-data network to send the request to the remote computer system.

In some embodiments, the system can provide a temporary key to the remote computer system. To provide the temporary key, the system can send, to the remote computer system, a request for a digital certificate from the remote computer system. In response to the request, the system can receive a response that includes the remote computer system's digital certificate. The system then generates an encrypted packet that includes the temporary key, and that is encrypted using a public key from the digital certificate, and sends the encrypted packet to the remote computer system.

In some embodiments, the system can provide a public key of the local computer system to the remote computer system. To provide the public key, the system can send, to the remote computer system, a digital certificate or encoded public key object.

In some embodiments, determining the encryption key involves obtaining a symmetric session key from the remote computer system.

In some embodiments, while determining the encryption key, the system can generate a session key using a key-generating function that takes as input one or more of: a session identifier for the local client device's session with the computer system service; and a secret number that is secret to the local client device.

In some embodiments, the system can initiate the session with the remote computer system by providing a local public key to the remote computer system, and receiving an encrypted session-setup packet that includes at least a session identifier and a symmetric session key, and includes the remote computer system's certificate. The encrypted session-setup packet is encrypted using the local client device's public key, and can be signed according to the remote computer system's certificate. The system can decrypt the encrypted session-setup packet using a local private key to obtain the session identifier and the symmetric session key.

In some embodiments, the session-setup packet is encrypted using the local client device's public key.

In some embodiments, the system can initiate the session by signing the session identifier using the local client device's private key, and generating a resume-setup packet that includes the session identifier and a public key certificate of the local client device. The system also encrypts the resume-setup packet using the session key, and generates an Interest that includes the encrypted resume-setup packet. The system disseminates the Interest to provide the client-device authentication information to the remote computer system.

In some embodiments, the system can receiving a response Content Object that satisfies the Interest, and decrypts the Content Object using the symmetric session key.

In some embodiments, the system can generate a private-key and public-key pair for the local client device. The system can generate the Interest packet to include the client-device public key

In some embodiments, the system can receive a response Content Object that satisfies the Interest, and decrypts the Content Object using the client-device private key.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary computer system that facilitates using Interest and Content Objects with encrypted names to protect a user's privacy in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary communications between a client device and a content producer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 presents a flow chart illustrating a method for initiating a session with a content producer at a client device in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4A presents a flow chart illustrating a method for initiating a session with a client device at a content producer in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4B presents a flow chart illustrating a method for authenticating a client device in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5A presents a flow chart illustrating a method for using a producer-generated symmetric session key to generate and disseminate an Interest that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5B presents a flow chart illustrating a method for using the symmetric session key to process a Content Object that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6A presents a flow chart illustrating a method for using the symmetric session key at the content producer to process an Interest that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6B presents a flow chart illustrating a method for using the symmetric session key to generate and return a Content Object that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7A presents a flow chart illustrating a method performed by a content producer to use a producer-generated public key to generate and disseminate an Interest that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 7B presents a flow chart illustrating a method for using a local private key to process a Content Object that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 presents a flow chart illustrating a method for using a client-generated public key to generate a Content Object that satisfies an Interest with an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary apparatus that facilitates using Interest and Content Objects with encrypted names to protect a user's privacy in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary computer system that facilitates using Interest and Content Objects with encrypted names to protect a user's privacy in accordance with an embodiment.

In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same figure elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the embodiments, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

Overview

Embodiments of the present invention provide network devices that solve the problem of protecting a user's privacy by using Interest packets with encrypted names. For example, a client device can establish a session with a remote content producer over a named data network (NDN) to reach an agreement on the keys that each device can use to encrypt and decrypt an Interest's name or a Content Object's payload. Once the session is established, the client device can request a piece of data by encrypting a portion of the name that identifies the data being requested, and disseminating the Interest over the NDN. The Interest's name can include a beginning portion that indicates a routable prefix, which can be used by various network nodes of a named data network to determine how to forward the Interest toward the content producer.

Once the content producer receives the Interest, the content producer can use one of the established keys decrypt the portion of the name that's encrypted to determine the data or service requested by the Interest. In some embodiments, the content producer can obtain a session identifier from the Interest's name, and can use this session identifier to generate a session key on-the-fly. This allows the content producer to establish sessions with a plurality of client devices without having to store session keys. Also, if the content producer deploys a service across multiple server nodes, a session can span multiple server nodes without requiring the content producer to propagate a session's keys toward other server nodes.

The following terms describe elements of a named data network (NDN) architecture, such as a content-centric network (CCN):

Content Object: A single piece of named data, which is bound to a unique name. Content Objects are “persistent,” which means that a Content Object can move around within a computing device, or across different computing devices, but does not change. If any component of the Content Object changes, the entity that made the change creates a new Content Object that includes the updated content, and binds the new Content Object to a new unique name.

Name: A name in an NDN is typically location independent and uniquely identifies a Content Object. A data-forwarding device can use the name or name prefix to forward an Interest packet toward a network node that generates or stores the Content Object, regardless of a network address or physical location for the Content Object. In some embodiments, the name may be a hierarchically structured variable-length identifier (HSVLI). The HSVLI can be divided into several hierarchical components, which can be structured in various ways. For example, the individual name components parc, home, ndn, and test.txt can be structured in a left-oriented prefix-major fashion to form the name “/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.” Thus, the name “/parc/home/ndn” can be a “parent” or “prefix” of “/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.” Additional components can be used to distinguish between different versions of the content item, such as a collaborative document.

In some embodiments, the name can include a non-hierarchical identifier, such as a hash value that is derived from the Content Object's data (e.g., a checksum value) and/or from elements of the Content Object's name. A description of a hash-based name is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/847,814 (entitled “ORDERED-ELEMENT NAMING FOR NAME-BASED PACKET FORWARDING,” by inventor Ignacio Solis, filed 20 Mar. 2013), which is hereby incorporated by reference. A name can also be a flat label. Hereinafter, “name” is used to refer to any name for a piece of data in a name-data network, such as a hierarchical name or name prefix, a flat name, a fixed-length name, an arbitrary-length name, or a label (e.g., a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) label).

Interest: A packet that indicates a request for a piece of data, and includes a name (or a name prefix) for the piece of data. A data consumer can disseminate a request or Interest across an information-centric network, which NDN routers can propagate toward a storage device (e.g., a cache server) or a data producer that can provide the requested data to satisfy the request or Interest.

In some embodiments, the NDN system can include a content-centric networking (CCN) architecture. However, the methods disclosed herein are also applicable to other NDN or other information-centric network (ICN) architectures as well. A description of a CCN architecture is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/338,175 (entitled “CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF INTERESTS AND CONTENT IN A CONTENT CENTRIC NETWORK,” by inventors Van L. Jacobson and Diana K. Smetters, filed 18 Dec. 2008), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary computer system 100 that facilitates using Interest and Content Objects with encrypted names to protect a user's privacy in accordance with an embodiment. Computing environment 100 can include a named-data network 102 (or any information-centric network now known or later developed), which can include a plurality of routing nodes or network nodes that can forward an Interest packet based on the name of the content being requested by the Interest packet, toward a content producer that can satisfy the Interest.

Computing environment 100 can also include a client device 104, which can include any computing device that can disseminate Interests and receive Content Objects via NDN 102. For example, client device 104 can include a smartphone 104.1, a tablet computer 104.2, and/or a personal computing device 104.m (e.g., a laptop). Specifically, client device 104 can disseminate an Interest that includes an encrypted suffix to protect the privacy of a local user 106.

In some embodiments, computing environment 100 can include a content producer 108 that can host data or services for one or more client devices. For example, content producer 108 can include s set of computing devices 110.1-110.n that each can receive and process Interests for one or more client devices. When a computing device 110 of content producer 108 receives an Interest from client device 104, computing device 110 can generate or retrieve a session key to decrypt the Interest's name. Once computing device 110 has processed the Interest to obtain or generate a Content Object to return to client device 104, computing device 110 uses the session key (or a key provided by client device 104) to encrypt the Content Object before returning the Content Object.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary communications 200 between a client device 202 and a content producer 204 in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, client device 202 can initiate a session with content producer 204 by disseminating an Interest with a serialized_encoded_setup message 212, which includes a temporary key. When content producer 204 receives the Interest, content producer 204 can generate a session key and a session identifier, and returns them to client device 202 in a Content Object that includes a serialized_server_setup message 214.

Content producer 204 can also include an authentication request in serialized_server_setup message 214. In response to receiving the authentication request, client device 202 generates a serialized_resume_setup message 216, which includes any information that content producer 204 can use to authenticate client device 202. After authenticating client device 202, content producer 204 can return a Content Object with a server_confirmation message 218 that informs client device 202 that the session has been established.

Once the session is established, client device 202 and content producer 204 have reached an agreement on the keys that each device can use to encrypt and decrypt the name suffix from each other's Interests, and/or to encrypt the payload in a Content Object. Client device 202 can then proceed to disseminate Interests to request data or services from content producer 204, such that the Interests include an encrypted name. Also, content producer 204 can satisfy an Interest by returning a Content Object whose payload is encrypted for client device 202.

Note that a Content Object can include a name for the payload's contents, a metadata block, a signature block, and a payload that includes a piece of data. In some embodiments, content producer 204 can return the information needed to establish or maintain a session within the metadata of a Content Object. For example, content producer 204 can create a Content Object so that the metadata indicates a digital certificate associated with the Content Object's payload. The Content Object's metadata can include the bytes of the digital certificate, or can include a key locator that can be used to retrieve the digital certificate from a trusted entity. This behavior is not possible using typical Internet protocol (IP) sessions, such as over a transport layer security (TLS) protocol or a secure socket layer (SSL) protocol that requires exchanging digital certificates as packet payload data over several iterations.

Initiating a Session

FIG. 3 presents a flow chart illustrating a method 300 for initiating a session with a content producer at a client device in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the client device can generate an encoded_setup message that includes a temporary key (e.g., a symmetric key, or a public key) (operation 302), and generates an Interest that includes the encoded_setup message as an encrypted message. For example, the client device can first send an unencrypted request to the content producer, which requests for the producer's digital certificate. The producer responds to the request by sending its digital certificate to the client device, such as via a Content Object of type “Certificate.” If the client device accepts the certificate, the client device obtains the producer's public key from the certificate. The client device then generates the encoded_setup message that includes the temporary key, encrypts the encoded_setup message using the server's public key, and sends the encrypted encoded_setup message (e.g., the encrypted temporary key) to the producer.

In some embodiments, the client device can marshal the encoded_setup message to generate a character stream that includes the encoded_setup message, and appends the marshalled character stream to the Interest's name. The Interest's name can have the form: /routable_prefix/setup/serialized_encoded_setup  (1) In expression (1), the name component “/routable_prefix” can include a name prefix or domain associated with the content producer. The name component “setup” indicates a control value, which notifies the content producer that the client device is setting up a session with the content producer. In some embodiments, the encoded_setup message can also include a random number N1 (e.g., a nonce) to ensure the Interest has a unique name so that routing nodes of a named data network don't use a cached object to satisfy the Interest. This allows the Interest to reach the content producer to which the client device desires to initiate a session.

The client device then disseminates the Interest over a named-data network to send the encoded_setup message to the content producer (operation 304). After the content producer processes the Interest, the client device receives a Content Object from the content producer that includes a serialized_server_setup packet (operation 306). The client device can decrypt the serialized_server_setup packet using the temporary key (or a private key that complements a temporary public key), and obtains at least a session identifier and a session key (operation 308). In some embodiments, the serialized_server_setup packet can also include the random number N1, and another random number N2.

Also, in some embodiments, the serialized_server_setup packet can include a message that indicates the handshake is complete, or can include an authentication request for authenticating the client device. Hence, the client device determines whether the serialized_server_setup packet includes an authentication request (operation 310). If the serialized_server_setup packet includes the message stating that the handshake is complete, the session is established between the client device and the content producer, and the client device can proceed to disseminate encrypted Interests for the content producer.

Otherwise, the client device generates a serialized_resume_setup packet that includes the session identifier and a public key certificate for the client device (operation 312), and encrypts the serialized_resume_setup packet using the session key provided by the content producer. The client device generates an Interest that includes the encrypted serialized_resume_setup packet, for example, so that the Interest's name has the form: /routable_prefix/session_id/serialized_resume_setup  (2)

In expression (2), the name component “setup” includes the session identifier as the control value that the content producer uses to determine how to process the Interest. The serialized_resume_setup packet can include the session identifier, signed with the client's private key. The serialized_resume_setup packet can also include other information that can be used to authenticate the client device, such as the client's public key certificate, and can also include the certificate change.

The client device then disseminates the Interest over a named-data network to send the serialized_resume_setup packet to the content producer (operation 314). The content producer uses the serialized_resume_setup packet to authenticate the client device, and returns a Content Object that specifies the outcome of the authentication. The client device receives the Content Object (operation 316), which either confirms that the session is established, or notifies that the client device could not be authenticated.

FIG. 4A presents a flow chart illustrating a method 400 for initiating a session with a client device at a content producer in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the content producer receives an Interest that includes the encoded_setup message (operation 402), and obtains a temporary key from the encoded_setup message (operation 404). The content producer then generates a session identifier for a session with the client device, and generates a session key for the session (operation 406).

In some embodiments, the content producer can generate the session key based on the session identifier and a secret. For example, during the session, the client device may disseminate various Interests that request different data or different services from the content producer. However, these Interests may not all arrive at the same server of the content producer that initiated the session with the client device. Also, the content producer may have a plurality of sessions with various client devices, which makes it undesirable to store session keys for all active session. In some embodiments, the server that receives the Interest can generate the session key on-the-fly using the session identifier from the Interest's name, and using the secret that is common across all servers of the content producer.

The content producer then generates a serialized_server_setup packet that includes the session identifier and the session key, and is encrypted using the client device's temporary key (operation 408), and generates a Content Object that includes the encrypted serialized_server_setup packet. The content producer then returns the Content Object to satisfy the client device's Interest (operation 410).

In some embodiments, the content producer can either finish the session-initiating handshake, or can request additional information from the client device to authenticate the client device. For example, if the content producer does not need to authenticate the client device, the content producer can generate the serialized_server_setup packet to include a message that indicates the handshake is complete. On the other hand, if the content producer needs to authenticate the client device, the content producer generates the serialized_server_setup packet to include an authentication request for authenticating the client device. The client device responds to the authentication request by disseminating an Interest that includes a serialized_resume_setup packet for the content producer.

FIG. 4B presents a flow chart illustrating a method 450 for authenticating a client device in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the content producer can receive, from the client device, an Interest that includes an encrypted serialized_resume_setup message (operation 452). The content producer then decrypts the serialized_resume_setup message using the session key (operation 454), and obtains a session identifier and/or a public key certificate for the client device (operation 456).

The content producer can authenticate the client device using the signed session identifier, or using the public key certificate (operation 458). For example, recall that the signed session identifier is signed using the client device's private key. The content producer can process the session identifier using the client device's public key to obtain the plaintext session identifier. Alternatively, the content producer can analyze the public key certificate and/or the certificate chain to authenticate the client device.

The content producer then determines whether client authentication was successful (operation 460). If so, the content producer proceeds to return a Content Object that confirms that the session is active (operation 462). Otherwise, if the content producer could not authenticate the client device, the content producer returns a Content Object that includes a message notifying that the authentication was not successful and/or that the session is not active (operation 464).

Using Producer-Generated Symmetric Session Keys

FIG. 5A presents a flow chart illustrating a method 500 for using a producer-generated symmetric session key to generate and disseminate an Interest that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the client device can obtain or determine a request to send to the content producer (operation 502). For example, an application running on the client device can generate a request to obtain data for the local user, such that the request includes a name for the data. The name can have the form: /routable_prefix/session_id/plaintext_suffix  (3) Alternatively, the application can provide the routable prefix and the plaintext suffix, which the client device can use this information to generate a secure name.

The client device then obtains the components that need to be combined into the Interest's name, which can include the routable prefix, the plaintext suffix, and a session identifier associated with the content producer (operation 504). The client device can determine the session identifier, for example, by performing a lookup operation in a table based on the routable prefix. If a matching entry does not exist, the client device can proceed to initiate or re-establish the session. To generate a secure Interest name, the client device determines a session key that corresponds to the session with the content producer (operation 506), and encrypts the plaintext suffix using the session key (operation 508). The client device can then generate the Interest so that the Interest's name includes the routable prefix and the encrypted name suffix (operation 510). For example, the Interest's name can have the form: /routable_prefix/session_id/encrypted_suffix  (4) The client device can disseminate the Interest over a named-data network to obtain the desired content from the content producer (operation 512).

Once the content producer receives the Interest, the content producer can use the session key to decrypt the Interest's encrypted suffix, and can return a Content Object that satisfies the Interest. Note that the Content Object's name also includes the name (4) with the encrypted suffix, and includes a payload encrypted using the session key. The client device can process the Content Object using the session key.

FIG. 5B presents a flow chart illustrating a method 550 for using the symmetric session key to process a Content Object that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment. Specifically, the client device can receive a Content Object that satisfies an Interest that was disseminated by the client device (operation 552). When the client device receives the Content Object, the client device can use the Content Object's encrypted name to determine which application generated the initial request for the Interest. The client device can also decrypt the Content Object's payload by obtaining a session identifier from the Content Object's name (operation 554), and using the session identifier to determine a session key that corresponds to the Content Object (operation 556). The client device decrypts the Content Object's payload using the session key (operation 558).

In some embodiments, the client device can also use the session key to regenerate the Content Object's plaintext name. For example, the client device can use the session key to decrypt the encrypted suffix, and replaces the encrypted suffix in the Content Object's name with the plaintext suffix. The Content Object's plaintext name has the form presented in expression (3).

FIG. 6A presents a flow chart illustrating a method 600 for using the symmetric session key at the content producer to process an Interest that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the content producer can receive an Interest that includes a name with an encrypted suffix (operation 602). The Interest's name can include a name having the form presented in expression (4), which includes a routable prefix, a session identifier, and an encrypted name suffix.

Recall that the content producer may maintain active sessions for a plurality of users, whose requests may arrive at any of the content producer's various server computers. This makes it inefficient to have each server computer store the set of possible session keys for all active user sessions. In some embodiments, the content producer's severs can generate the session key on-the-fly based on the Interest's session identifier. The content producer determines a session identifier from the Interest's name (operation 604), and generates a symmetric key based on the session identifier and a secret value (operation 606). For example, the content producer can use a function: session_key=ƒ(session_id,secret)  (5)

In expression (5), function ƒ( ) can include any function that generates a cryptographic key, such as a hash function. The secret can include any number or character sequence that is common to one or more devices associated with the content producer. This way, any of the content producer's devices can obtain a session key for any active session without having to store a session key. The secret can be persistent over a period of time (e.g., a month, a year, etc.), and can be used across various sessions with a plurality of client devices.

The content producer then decrypts the encrypted suffix using the session key to obtain a plaintext suffix (operation 608), and can also generate a plaintext name for the Interest by replacing the encrypted suffix with the plaintext suffix (operation 610). The plaintext name can have the form of expression (3). The content producer can process the Interest using the plaintext suffix, or using the plaintext name (operation 612).

For example, the content producer can perform a lookup operation in a local FIB using the plaintext name to determine a local application that can retrieve or generate a Content Object that satisfies the Interest. Alternatively or additionally, the content producer or a local application can use the plaintext suffix to determine the data or service being requested by the client device. Once the content producer or a local application has retrieved or generated a piece of data requested by the Interest, the content producer can generate and return a Content Object to satisfy the Interest.

FIG. 6B presents a flow chart illustrating a method for using the symmetric session key to generate and return a Content Object that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the content producer can process the Interest using the Interest's plaintext name or plaintext prefix to obtain or generate a piece of data that corresponds to the Interest's name (operation 652). The content producer then encrypts the piece of data using the session key that corresponds to the user session (operation 654), and generates a Content Object that includes the Interest's name and includes the encrypted piece of data (operation 656).

Note that the Content Object's name includes the name from the Interest, which includes the encrypted suffix and has a form presented under expression (4). This allows routing nodes along a path traversed by the Interest to use the Content Object's name to find a matching entry in a local PIT, and to return the Content Object via an interface specified by the matching PIT entry. The content producer then returns the Content Object to satisfy the Interest (operation 658).

Using Runtime-Generated Client Keys

FIG. 7A presents a flow chart illustrating a method 700 performed by a content producer to use a producer-generated public key to generate and disseminate an Interest that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the client device can obtain or determine a request to send to the content producer (operation 702), and generates or determines a routable prefix, a session identifier, and a plaintext suffix for the request (operation 704). The client device also determines an encryption key to provide to the content producer (operation 706), which the content producer can use to encrypt a Content Object's payload before returning the Content Object to satisfy the client device's Interest. In some embodiments, the client device may store the encryption key for the session, and provides the encryption key to the content producer within each Interest.

In some other embodiments, the client device does not store keys for active sessions. Rather, the client device can generate the keys at runtime as necessary. For example, the client device can generate a session key using a function: session_key=ƒ_(session)(session_id,secret)  (6) If the client device is configured to use a public/private key pair, the client device can generate the public key using a function: public_key=ƒ_(public)(session_id,secret)  (7) Once the client device receives a Content Object from the content producer, the client device can use another hash function to generate the corresponding private key to decrypt the Content Object's payload: private_key=ƒ_(private)(session_id,secret)  (8) The functions ƒ_(session), ƒ_(public), and ƒ_(private) can include any function that generates a cryptographic key, such as a hash function.

To generate a secure Interest, the client device determines a public key that was received from the content producer (operation 708), and uses the content producer's public key to encrypt the plaintext suffix as well as the client device's encryption key (e.g., a symmetric session key or a public key) (operation 710). The client device can generate the Interest so that the Interest's name includes the routable prefix and the encrypted name suffix (operation 712). For example, the Interest's name can have the form: /routable_prefix/session_id/encrypted_suffix  (9) The client device can disseminate the Interest over a named-data network to obtain the desired content from the content producer (operation 714). Once the content producer receives the Interest, the content producer can use a local private key to decrypt the Interest's encrypted suffix, and uses the key it obtains from the Interest to encrypt a Content Object for the client device.

FIG. 7B presents a flow chart illustrating a method 750 for using a local private key to process a Content Object that includes an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment. Specifically, the client device can receive a Content Object that satisfies an Interest that was disseminated by the client device (operation 752). The client device can use the Content Object's encrypted name to determine which application generated the initial request for the Interest. The client device can also decrypt the Content Object's payload by obtaining a session identifier from the Content Object's name (operation 754), and using the session identifier to determine a decryption key (e.g., a private key or a symmetric session key) that corresponds to the Content Object (operation 756). The client device decrypts the Content Object's payload using the session key (operation 758).

In some embodiments, during operation 756, the client device can obtain a stored decryption key that corresponds to the session identifier. Alternatively, the client device can use a hash function to generate the decryption key when necessary at runtime. For example, the client device can use a function ƒ_(session) to generate a symmetric session key based on the session identifier, as presented under expression (6). If the client device is using a public/private key pair, the client device can use a function ƒ_(private) to generate the private key based on the session identifier and a secret as presented in expression (8). The secret value can be persistent over a period of time, and can be used across various sessions with one or more content producers. For example, the client device can generate a new secret value each time the computer is turned on. Alternatively, the client device can generate a secret value for each active interface, for example, as a part of a setup procedure that initializes or activates the interface.

FIG. 8 presents a flow chart illustrating a method 800 performed by a content producer to use a client-generated public key to generate a Content Object that satisfies an Interest with an encrypted name in accordance with an embodiment. During operation, the content producer can receive an Interest whose name includes an encrypted suffix (operation 802). To process the Interest, the content producer obtains a private key (operation 804), and decrypts the encrypted suffix using the local private key to obtain a plaintext name suffix as well as an encryption key from the client device (operation 806). This encryption key may include, for example, a symmetric session key, or an asymmetric public key.

In some embodiments, the content producer can generate a plaintext name by replacing the encrypted suffix with the plaintext suffix (operation 808), and processes the Interest using the plaintext name to obtain or generate a piece of data (operation 810). Alternatively, the content producer does not need to generate the plaintext name to process the Interest. For example, the content producer may obtain or generate the piece of data based on the plaintext suffix (without generating the full plaintext name).

The content producer then encrypts the piece of data using the encryption key that it obtained from the Interest's encrypted suffix (operation 812), and generates a Content Object that includes the Interest's name and includes the encrypted piece of data (operation 814). The Content Object's name includes the name from the Interest that includes the encrypted suffix, which allows routing nodes along a path traversed by the Interest to use the Content Object's name to find a matching entry in a local PIT. The content producer then returns the Content Object to satisfy the Interest (operation 816).

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary apparatus 900 that facilitates using Interest and Content Objects with encrypted names to protect a user's privacy in accordance with an embodiment. Apparatus 900 can comprise a plurality of modules which may communicate with one another via a wired or wireless communication channel. Apparatus 900 may be realized using one or more integrated circuits, and may include fewer or more modules than those shown in FIG. 9. Further, apparatus 900 may be integrated in a computer system, or realized as a separate device which is capable of communicating with other computer systems and/or devices. Specifically, apparatus 900 can comprise a communication mechanism 902, a session-managing mechanism 904, a request-processing mechanism 906, a cryptography mechanism 908, an Interest-processing mechanism 910, and a Content Object processing mechanism 912.

In some embodiments, communication mechanism 902 can send and/or receive Interests and Content Objects over a named-data network (NDN), such as a content centric network (CCN). Session-managing mechanism 904 can establish a session with a remote device over the NDN or CCN. Request-processing mechanism 906 can obtain a request for data from a local user or application, and determines whether the request can be satisfied locally, or needs to be disseminated across an NDN or CCN. Cryptography mechanism 908 can determine an encryption key that corresponds to a session with a remote computer system, and encrypts the name suffix associated with the request using the session encryption key.

Interest-processing mechanism 910 can generate or process an incoming Interest an Interest whose name includes a routable prefix to the remote computer system, and includes the encrypted suffix. Content Object processing mechanism 912 can generate a Content Object or process an incoming Content Object that includes an encrypted suffix, and includes an encrypted payload.

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary computer system 1002 that facilitates using Interest and Content Objects with encrypted names to protect a user's privacy in accordance with an embodiment. Computer system 1002 includes a processor 1004, a memory 1006, and a storage device 1008. Memory 1006 can include a volatile memory (e.g., RAM) that serves as a managed memory, and can be used to store one or more memory pools. Furthermore, computer system 1002 can be coupled to a display device 1010, a keyboard 1012, and a pointing device 1014. Storage device 1008 can store operating system 1016, transport-security system 1018, and data 1032.

Transport-security system 1018 can include instructions, which when executed by computer system 1002, can cause computer system 1002 to perform methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, transport-security system 1018 may include instructions for sending and/or receiving Interests and Content Objects over a named-data network (NDN), such as a content centric network (CCN) (communication mechanism 1020). Further, transport-security system 1018 can include instructions for establishing a session with a remote device over the NDN or CCN (session-managing mechanism 1022). Transport-security system 1018 can also include instructions for obtaining a request for data from a local user or application, and determining whether the request can be satisfied locally, or needs to be disseminated across an NDN or CCN (request-processing mechanism 1024).

Transport-security system 1018 may also include instructions for determining an encryption key that corresponds to a session with a remote computer system, and encrypting the name suffix associated with the request using the session encryption key (cryptography mechanism 1026). Further, transport-security system 1018 can include instructions for generating an Interest or processing an incoming Interest whose name includes a routable prefix to the remote computer system, and includes the encrypted suffix (Interest-processing mechanism 1028). Transport-security system 1018 can also include instructions for generating a Content Object or processing an incoming Content Object that includes an encrypted suffix, and includes an encrypted payload (Content Object processing mechanism 1030).

Data 1032 can include any data that is required as input or that is generated as output by the methods and/or processes described in this disclosure. Specifically, data 1032 can store at least session identifiers for one or more active sessions, cryptographic keys (e.g., a session key, or a public/private key pair) for one or more active sessions, and/or a secret value that facilitates generating cryptographic keys for one or more active sessions.

The data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a computer-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computer system. The computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing computer-readable media now known or later developed.

The methods and processes described in the detailed description section can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium as described above. When a computer system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the computer-readable storage medium, the computer system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the computer-readable storage medium.

Furthermore, the methods and processes described above can be included in hardware modules. For example, the hardware modules can include, but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed. When the hardware modules are activated, the hardware modules perform the methods and processes included within the hardware modules.

The foregoing descriptions of embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description only. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present invention to the forms disclosed. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in the art. Additionally, the above disclosure is not intended to limit the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for sending an encrypted request to a remote computer system over a named-data network, the method comprising: determining, by a client computing device, a request for data or a service from the remote computer system comprising a plurality of distributed servers; determining at least a routable prefix for the remote computer system, and a name suffix associated with the request; as part of initiating a session with the remote computer device, at the client device, determining a session encryption key that corresponds to the session, the determining the session encryption key including: encrypting a temporary key of the client device with a public key, and sending to the remote computer system a session setup message including the encrypted temporary key; receiving from the remote computer system a server setup packet encrypted using the temporary key, the server setup packet including a session identifier for the session and the session encryption key; and decrypting the server setup packet using the temporary key to recover the session identifier and the session encryption key; encrypting the name suffix using the session encryption key; generating an Interest comprising a first name that includes the routable prefix unencrypted, and also includes the Content Object name suffix which is encrypted using the session encryption key; disseminating the Interest, by the client computing device over a named-data network, to send the request to any distributed server of the remote computer system; in response to the Interest, receiving a Content Object that satisfies the Interest, wherein the Content Object comprises a second name that includes the routable prefix unencrypted and also includes the Content Object name suffix which is encrypted using the session encryption key, wherein a payload of the Content Object is encrypted using the session encryption key; and decrypting the Content Object name suffix using the session encryption key.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: sending, to the remote computer system, a request for a digital certificate from the remote computer system; receiving a response that includes the remote computer system's digital certificate with the public key; wherein the generating the session setup message includes generating the session setup message using the public key.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing a public key of the client device to the remote computer system, wherein providing the public key involves: sending, to the remote computer system, a digital certificate or encoded public key object.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the session encryption key involves obtaining a symmetric session key from the remote computer system.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the session encryption key involves generating the session encryption key using a key-generating function that takes as input one or more of: the session identifier; and a secret number that is secret to the remote computer system.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the server setup packet includes the remote computer system's certificate and is signed according to the remote computer system's certificate.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein initiating the session further involves: signing the session identifier using the client device's private key; generating a resume-setup packet that includes the session identifier and a public key certificate of the client device; encrypting the resume-setup packet using the session encryption key; generating an Interest, for the remote computer system, that includes the encrypted resume-setup packet; and disseminating the Interest to provide the client device authentication information to the remote computer system.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: decrypting the Content Object using a temporary symmetric key from the client device.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating a private-key and public-key pair for the client device; wherein generating the Interest involves generating the Interest packet to include the client device public key.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: decrypting the Content Object using the client device private key.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining the session encryption key further includes, at the client device: requesting, and then receiving, the public key from the remote computer system.
 12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method for sending an encrypted request to a remote computer system over a named-data network, the method comprising: determining a request for data or a service from the remote computer system comprising a plurality of distributed servers; determining at least a routable prefix for the remote computer system, and a name suffix associated with the request; as part of initiating a session with the remote computer device, at the client device, determining the session encryption key that corresponds to the session, the determining the session encryption key including: encrypting a temporary key of the client device with a public key, and sending to the remote computer system a session setup message including the encrypted temporary key; receiving from the remote computer system a server setup packet encrypted using the temporary key, the server setup packet including a session identifier for the session and the session encryption key; and decrypting the server setup packet using the temporary key to recover the session identifier and the session encryption key; encrypting the name suffix using the session encryption key; generating an Interest comprising a first name that includes the routable prefix unencrypted and also includes the Content Object name suffix which is encrypted using the session encryption key; and disseminating the Interest over a named-data network to send the request to any distributed server of the remote computer system; in response to the Interest, receiving a Content Object that satisfies the Interest, wherein the Content Object comprises a second name that includes the routable prefix unencrypted and also includes the Content Object name suffix which is encrypted using the session encryption key, wherein a payload of the Content Object is encrypted using the session encryption key; and decrypting the Content Object name suffix using the session encryption key.
 13. The storage medium of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises: sending, to the remote computer system, a request for a digital certificate from the remote computer system; receiving a response that includes the remote computer system's digital certificate with the public key; wherein the generating the session setup message includes generating the session setup message using the public key.
 14. The storage medium of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises providing a public key of the client device to the remote computer system, wherein providing the public key involves: sending, to the remote computer system, a digital certificate or encoded public key object.
 15. The storage medium of claim 14, wherein the server setup packet includes the remote computer system's certificate and is signed according to the remote computer system's certificate.
 16. The storage medium of claim 15, wherein initiating the session further involves: signing the session identifier using the client device's public key; generating a resume-setup packet that includes the session identifier and a public key certificate of the client device; encrypting the resume-setup packet using the session encryption key; generating an Interest, for the remote computer system, that includes the encrypted resume-setup packet; and disseminating the Interest to provide the client device authentication information to the remote computer system.
 17. The storage medium of claim 12, wherein determining the session encryption key involves generating the session encryption key using a key-generating function that takes as input one or more of: the session identifier; and a secret number that is secret to the remote computer system.
 18. The storage medium of claim 12, further comprising generating a private-key and public-key pair for the client device; wherein generating the Interest involves generating the Interest packet to include the client device public key.
 19. The storage medium of claim 18, wherein the method further comprises: decrypting the Content Object using the client device private key.
 20. An apparatus, comprising: a processor; a memory storing instructions that when executed by the processor cause the apparatus to implement: determining, by a client computing device, a request for data or a service from the remote computer system comprising a plurality of distributed servers; determining at least a routable prefix for the remote computer system, and a name suffix associated with the request; as part of initiating a session with the remote computer device, at the client device, determining a session encryption key that corresponds to the session, the determining the session encryption key including: encrypting a temporary key of the client device with a public key, and sending to the remote computer system a session setup message including the encrypted temporary key; receiving from the remote computer system a server setup packet encrypted using the temporary key, the server setup packet including a session identifier for the session and the session encryption key; and decrypting the server setup packet using the temporary key to recover the session identifier and the session encryption key; encrypting the name suffix using the session encryption key; generating an Interest comprising a first name that includes the routable prefix unencrypted, and also includes the Content Object name suffix which is encrypted using the session encryption key; disseminating the Interest, by the client computing device over a named-data network, to send the request to any distributed server of the remote computer system; in response to the Interest, receiving a Content Object that satisfies the Interest, wherein the Content Object comprises a second name that includes the routable prefix unencrypted and also includes the Content Object name suffix which is encrypted using the session encryption key, wherein a payload of the Content Object is encrypted using the session encryption key; and decrypting the Content Object name suffix using the session encryption key.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the memory stores further instructions that when executed by the processor cause the apparatus to implement: sending, to the remote computer system, a request for a digital certificate from the remote computer system; receiving a response that includes the remote computer system's digital certificate with the public key; wherein the generating the session setup message includes generating the session setup message using the public key.
 22. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein: the server setup packet includes the remote computer system's certificate and is signed according to the remote computer system's certificate. 